![]() This changed in 1896 when an innovative Italian physician, Scipione Riva-Rocci (1863–1937), developed an apparatus that with some modification is still in use today, i.e. Furthermore, any understanding of the importance of high blood pressure for the development of cardiovascular disease was lacking. Unfortunately, his seminal experiment had very little influence on medical practice of the physicians of his time as his approach was difficult if not impossible to use in humans. 1 In 1733, Steven Hales (1677–1761) inserted, with the help of his assistant, in an awake horse a glass cannula into the carotid artery and for the first time determined the level of blood pressure in a living organism, and demonstrated its changes during the cardiac cycle. Although in his seminal work Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus published in 1628 William Harvey (1578–1657) had assumed a driving force for the circulation, it took >100 years until blood pressure was truly measured. ![]()
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